Table 5 Non-RCT Results Summary table
 Outcomes | Citation | Target problem | Intervention | Results |  | Intervention components |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Sig. | Non-sig. | Â |
Cognitive and developmental | Chartier et al. (2017) [27] | Child maltreatment | Families First home visiting | Â | x | Parenting skills Parent-infant interaction Provision of resources |
O'Donnell (2023) [32] | Families with multiple risk factors (e.g., family violence, substance use, mental health concerns, Child Protection involvement) | Cradle to Kinder | x | Â | Counselling or Psychological Support Parenting skills and child development Parent infant interaction Social supports Provision of resources | |
O'Malley et al. (2021) [29] | Mental health (substance use) | TIES | x | Â | Parenting skills and child development Parent infant interaction Provision of resources | |
Child abuse potential | Chartier et al. (2017) [27] | Child maltreatment | Families First home visiting | x | Â | Parenting skills Parent-infant interaction Provision of resources |
Julian et al. (2021) [28] | Child maltreatment | Michigan Model of IMH-HV | x | Â | Counselling or Psychological Support (if required) Parenting skills Parent-infant interaction | |
O'Donnell (2023) [32] | Families with multiple risk factors (e.g., family violence, substance use, mental health concerns, Child Protection involvement) | Cradle to Kinder | x | Â | Counselling or Psychological Support Parenting skills and child development Parent infant interaction Social supports Provision of resources | |
Socioemotional/ behavioural | van Grieken et al. (2019) [30] | Mental health (stress) | The Supportive Parenting intervention | Â | x | Parenting skills Parent-infant interaction Social supports |
Parent-child interaction | Giallo et al. (2021) [31] | Child maltreatment | HoPES | Â | x | Parenting skills Parent-infant interaction |